5 thoughts on “wholesale custom jewelry chicago Some things about the Tang Dynasty”
Ricardo
wholesale bali gemstone and sterling jewelry To say that a system of dynasties should be seen in the long river of history, and the institutional evolution of the former dynasty, even the previous dynasties. It. R n First of all, in terms of institutional: (limited to the limit of the number of words, this article only puts forward the approximate) In the system, it includes the household registration system, the currency system, the imperial examination system, the military system, etc. : The Tang Dynasty was an important period of transformation of the ancient household registration system in China. The management of household registration in the Tang Dynasty was relatively loose. It was not only the result of the development of the commodity economy at that time, but also promoted the development of the commodity economy to a certain extent. Institutional protection. The transformation of the household registration system of the Tang Dynasty was a major manifestation of the improvement of farmers' status at that time. The Tang and Song dynasties had a series of changes based on this. The currency system: The study of ancient Chinese currency system was undoubtedly an important period. It is the turning point in the history of the currency system, and it is in the process of gradually replacing precious metals in the process of replacement of copper coins and physical currencies. Every generation of the calendar generations as copper coins, valleys, gold and silver, pearl jade, etc. in the form of currency forms in the form of currency forms circulates to varying degrees in the Tang Dynasty; D. I have to talk about Sui's imperial examinations: [Sui of the Sui Dynasty] The system of talents in my country has changed greatly in the Sui and Tang dynasties. Due to the development of the situation, after the establishment of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the system of the Han Dynasty, the nine -product neutral system since the Wei and Jin dynasties, etc., just ensured that a small number of people's upper -level people were used to log in, and it was no longer in line with the requirements of most people. Emperor Sui Wen, Yang Jian, resolutely abolished the nine -product Zhongzheng system and went to the imperial examination system. During the great cause of Emperor Suitang, the "four subjects" and "ten subjects" were promoted, but most of them were temporarily opened. The Sui Dynasty's frequent selection includes Jinshi, Ming Jing and Xiucai. The selection of talents in the Kaike Examination of the Sui Dynasty properly opened the gateway to the talents of all classes and allies in the society, but it has not yet formed a complete system.
[The imperial examination system of the Tang Dynasty and its development] Tang Ji Sui, expanded. The section of the scholarship, the scholar, the Junshi, the Ming Jing, the Ming Dynasty, the Mingfa, the book, and the Ming coupling subjects, other medicine, Bo, Xing, Xiang, piano, chess, books, and paintings can be boarded. Among them, the Jinjing science and poetry division of the scholars are the most important stream. There are fewer people who admit people in the Tang Dynasty, as many as three or forty people. The first name of the jinshit or the champion, also known as the explore flower, is not the third place that people usually call it.
The approach to the exam: one is recommended by the school as a student; For the system. The so -called Xiucai, Relief, Ming Jing, and Jinshi only showed that the difference between their origin is not like Ming and Qing was different levels of imperial examinations.
The imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty are not as well as as well as Ming and Qing, and the admission is not completely read a few poems. In order to take the exam. Therefore, the person who sought the official must go to Chang'an to find a relationship, and go to the door of the public Qing to ask for a way out. Some people have been in Changan for many years and have not got a chance. So at the time, there was another atmosphere called "asking for confidence", that is, when the celebrities of the Gongqing went out, they topped their own works on their heads and kneeled on the roadside. After being accepted, I fancy, even if there is a door. Most of the "legends" of the Tang Dynasty were presented as "confidantes". The control of the Tang Dynasty: The administrative agency of the Tang Dynasty inherited the Sui Dynasty and took the three provinces and six systems as the core. On this basis, based on historical practices and experience, some of them have some execution, supervision, waiter or other other Functional institutions together form the official system of the Tang Dynasty. The dynasty decision -making and execution agencies in the Tang Dynasty were three provinces of China and Monk Books. Generally speaking, the province of China is responsible for issuing the order. In the Tang Dynasty, the Chinese Book Province was once known as the inner book, Xitai, Fengge, and Ziwei Province. His subordinate Zhongshu Shi Lang was appointed as prime minister during the Tang Dynasty as the deputy of the Chiefs of the Chinese Book Province in the early Tang Dynasty. This situation became a convention after the Anshi Rebellion, so the Sales Sales Lang actually separated from the daily affairs of the Chinese Book Province.
The Tang's wearing: The dresses of the Tang Dynasty people have always been chased by future generations, elegant and noble, graceful. Many jewelry left over from the Tang Dynasty recently exhibited from the Shanghai Museum can witness the signs and fashion of the life at that time. 1.唐鎏金双雕纹银盒;2.唐金梳背;3. 唐玉臂环;4. rn唐朝金头饰rn 唐朝妇女的装饰品，大的种类有首饰、耳饰、 The items, waist ornaments, hand ornaments, crown decorations, etc. are full of dazzling.
crystal fashion jewelry wholesale The secretary province is an institution in charge of the royal picture book. In addition to setting up the official positions of supervisors, young prisoners and prisoners responsible for provincial affairs, the secretary Lang also set up a copy and storage of four books in charge of the Royal Scriptures. In addition, the Tai Shi Bureau (also known as Sikiantai), which is responsible for the astronomical calendar, once also belonged to the secretary's jurisdiction. The province of the hall has six bureaus of Shangshi, Shangyao, Shangyi, Shangshe, Shang Cheng, and Shangye, and is responsible for the emperor's clothing, food, housing, transportation and medicine. The province of the house is the management agency of court eunuchs and palace maids. The East Palace official is the prince's subordinate court institution. Its structure sets the structure of imitation of the court: the prince, the prince, the prince, the Taibao (total called the three Tai Tai) and the prince, the younger, and the Shao Bao (the total called the three Shao) are the prince's mentor In addition, the prince guest as a prince's servant official, these officials did not have specific positions. It is equivalent to six provinces under the Gate of Zhongshu and government officials and political affairs. Zuo Chunfang is responsible for the serving rules, which is equivalent to the duties of the province under the door. Youchunfang is responsible for the enlightenment of the document, which is equivalent to the position of Zhongshu Province. In addition, the Chongwen Museum is set up below the Zuochunfang, and the book scriptures are set up; The above institutions correspond to the general correspondence with Hongwen Museum, Secretary Province, and Temple. In addition, the three Temple of Donggong Temple, namely the Temple of the Temple, and the Temple of the Temple and the Fu Temple. It is responsible for the implementation of the specific affairs of Donggong, which also corresponds to the Nine Temple and the Five Prison. Although the East Palace officials are huge, they are actually mostly idle. In outside the civil servant system, the Tang Dynasty also had a military official system. Due to the implementation of the government soldiers in the early Tang Dynasty, the sixteen guards were established in the court. The name of the sixteen guards has changed a lot in the early Tang Dynasty. When the Tang Xuanzong opened the Yuan Dynasty, it was generally fixed to left and right guards, left and right Xiaowei, left and right Wuwei, right left Weiwei, right left led guard, left and right Jin Wuwei, left and right monitoring and gatekeeper and gatekeeper. Left and right thousand Niwei. Among them, the first twelve guards all governed the government soldiers, and only the back of the four guards did not jurisdiction. They were responsible for the guardian guards of the Beijing and the palaces and the emperor. The generals of each general and the generals of the generals and the generals have the same rate of long history and the heads of the army to participate in the daily affairs of the army. Wait for specific affairs. Sixteen guards directly belonged to the emperor, but they did not have the power to regulate troops. When the life is required, the emperor and the prime minister are generally issued by the emperor and the prime minister to the Ministry of Military Affairs. In addition to the Sixteen Guards, the East Palace officials also followed the Sixteen Guards to have a 10 -rate house. Each personality was one person, one to two -to -two manages, and a certain number of government soldiers under the jurisdiction as the prince's guard forces. The above sixteen guards are always known as the Nanyang Zhuwei, because their official agencies are in the imperial city of the south of the palace city of Chang'an and Luoyang. It Tang Gaozong, the Beibei Forbidden Army, which was developed by the embargo development of Xuanwu Gate of Miyagi, began to rise, gradually replacing the function of Nanyuan's invitation. Due to the abandonment of the government system, the Nanyuan Zhuwei gradually became a leisure. His chief generals and generals became the official rank for the promotion of military officers and no longer had actual powers. The first set of Beigai forbidden army set up was the left and right Yulin Army. The Xuanzong was set up to the Long Wu Army. Human integration. The Tang Dynasty was included in the ranks of the Northern Division forbidden Army with the Division of the Tang Dynasty. Dezong used the eunuch to serve as the captain of the army. Therefore, the power of the gods developed rapidly and overlooking the Sixth Army of the Beiqian. In the late Tang Dynasty, the generals and generals of the Sixth Army of the Bei Ryo also gradually became the official rank for the relocation of military officers, and there was no military power. Ifly local official system in this paragraph The local administrative system in the Tang Dynasty, in the early Tang Dynasty, adopted a two -level system in the state and county. In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, it evolved into a three -level system in Dao, Prefecture, and County, and a new secondary administrative region, the prefecture. The chief of the state is assassination history, and its subordinates are mainly Shangzuo, Director and Records. Shangzuo refers to the long history and Sima, and there is no specific work. He assisted the history of the stretch to deal with the state, but it often became a position for arranging idle officials. Therefore, the middle and lower states in the late Tang Dynasty generally did not set up the position of Shangzuo. Judgment Sixi, Sicang, Sihu, Si Bing, Justice, and Si Shi joined the army, corresponding to the six departments of the court of the court. Affairs in all aspects of prison and engineering water conservancy. The recording of the army is responsible for monitoring the officials of the six Cao of the state, which is equivalent to the duties of the imperial history of the court and the left and right of Shang Shu. In addition, state officials in the Tang Dynasty also had PhDs, Ph.D. in Medicine, Municipal Order, etc., and were responsible for schools, medicine and market transactions. The chief of the Tang Dynasty counties is the county magistrate, and the county, the master Bohe and the county captain are the main heads. The county is the deputy of the county magistrate, which is equivalent to the state of the state; In the 28th year of the Tang Dynasty in the Tang Dynasty (740), there were 328 prefectures in the country and 1,573 counties in the country. It can be seen that the local official system of the Tang Dynasty was huge. Over time, local administrative agencies in the Tang Dynasty also changed, mainly the emergence of government and Tao. The Tang Dynasty used Kyoto and the state that was accompanied by the capital, and was called the government in the importance of showing its status. The government officials are the same as the state, and only the names have changed slightly. For example, their chiefs changed their names to Yin, and the deputy chiefs changed their name to Shao Yin. In addition, Duhufu is also set up in the border region to jurisdiction over the majority of border areas. The officials of Duhufu are the same as the state. Its chief official is called Du Guard and Deputy Metropolitan Guard. It in the early Tang Dynasty, it was a monitoring area. In the first year of Zhenguan (627), Tang Taizong "due to the shape of the mountains and rivers, the world is divided into ten". The emperors were sent to inspection or interviews from time to time, monitor local officials and understand the situation of localities. In the 21st year of Kaiyuan (733), Tang Xuanzong "was divided into fifteen ways because of ten, and the fifteen interviews were set up to check the post of Han assassin." In the late Tang Dynasty, the chief of the Taoist observation made generally served as Jiede, with military power, greater power, and forming Fangzhen of different sizes. The administrative area under the jurisdiction of various square towns is also called Tao. There are forty -seven Tao to Tang Xianzong Yuan. Just as the Song people Hong Mai pointed out: "Tang Shi was in the inspection of the various roads, and then changed to the interview disposal to be treated in the large county. It was changed to the observation ambassador. There are more than forty roads in the world, with more than ten states in the big, two or three states, but the visits are visited to investigate the good and evil, and the outline. The county government is endless. "The subordinates of Dao's chiefs include deputy envoys, marching Sima, judge, ambassador, secretary, pushing officer, inspector, and push. The editor's grade and Xunguan The Tang Dynasty followed the Sui System, divided officials into nine grades, and each product was divided into positive and obedience, with a total of eighteen levels. Below the four grades of the civilian officials, the military officials are below the three grades, and they are also divided into upper and lower levels. Therefore, the scattered officials of civil officials in the Tang Dynasty actually had thirty levels, and the level of military officers scattered officials was thirty -two. These levels are always called streaming officials and are formal civil and military officials. In addition, there are nine grades outside the flow, which actually belongs to the officials and does not belong to the scope of formal officials. The title of officials' scattered officials correspond to the grade level, indicating the status and qualifications of officials as the sequence of promotion. The quality of the Tang Dynasty is also related to the official clothing level system. The Tang Dynasty stipulated that the official service of the three grades and above, the four grades, and the five grades of Fei (Zhu Hong), the six grades and the seven grades were green, and the eight grades and the nine grades were green. At the same time, senior officials in the Tang Dynasty had a fish rune that expressed its identity, which was prosperous in bags, called "fish bags". The fish bags of the officials above the three grades are decorated with gold, and they are called goldfish bags. The fish bags of the officials above the five grades are made of silver fish bags. The Tang Cheng Sui system, civil and military officials can teach honor officials, with a total of twelve. According to the regulations, the honorary officials can be in the same class as the corresponding officials of the corresponding grade. However, in fact, due to the excessive awarding, the actual status of the officials who are not in office are often under the officials of the officials, and they only become the honorary titles of officials awarded.
sterling silver mens jewelry wholesale Overview In central official three divisions: Tai Shi, Tai Fu, Taibao (honorary position); three public: Taiwei, Situ, Sikong (honorary position); Book province (decision -making, secretary), under the gate of the door (servant, discussion), Shangshu Province (administrative),; Sepan provincial provinces: official department (personnel), household registration (hukou, finance), ceremony department (Ministry of Rites (Ministry of Finance), Ministry of Rites ( Li Bin), Ministry of War (National Defense), Ministry of Criminal (Court), Ministry of Industry (Engineering, Water Conservancy); : Royal Shitai (Supervision); : Supervisor, arms supervisor, Dushui prison (follow -up system, six divisions with the six parts); Nine temples: Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Weiwei Temple, Zongzheng Temple, Taishi Temple, Dali Temple, Hongye, Hongye, Hongye, Hongye Temple, Sinong Temple, Taifu Temple (cooperated with six parts of work). San official: (honor of honor). Local official Visuted (Tao) Observation to Observe State (county): Strang History (Emperor's Shou); Do not drive, Changshi, Sima; recording things, military participation in military; Cao: Si Gong: Sigong: Si Gong , Sicang, Sihu, Si Bing, Justice, Si Shi. County: county magistrate; county 丞, master book; county captain, recording, and history. Township: Lao Lao; : Lizheng; Village: Village; : Guarantee: neighbors: neighbor. Four neighbors, five neighbors, one -guarantee, five guarantee, one mile, five miles and one township; a natural village is a village. There are no villages in the city, and the same The official system of the central government The administrative institutions of the Tang Dynasty in the Tang Dynasty inherited the Sui Dynasty, with the three provinces and six departments as the core. On this basis, according to history Customs and experience have derived some institutions with execution, supervision, attendant, or other functions, and jointly formed the official system of the Tang Dynasty. The dynasty decision -making and execution agencies in the Tang Dynasty were three provinces of China and Monk Books. Generally speaking, the province of China is responsible for issuing the order. In the Tang Dynasty, the Chinese Book Province was once known as the inner book, Xitai, Fengge, and Ziwei Province. His subordinate Zhongshu Shi Lang was appointed as prime minister during the Tang Dynasty as the deputy of the Chiefs of the Chinese Book Province in the early Tang Dynasty. This situation became a convention after the Anshi Rebellion, so the Sales Sales Lang actually separated from the daily affairs of the Chinese Book Province. The most important decree work in the province of the book. There are six members of the Chinese Book House, and they also have the secretary affairs of the Prime Minister's meeting. Because the drafting order is important, in fact, participating in the military and political affairs not only requires higher literary talents, but also have good political talents. Therefore, the Tang Dynasty attached great importance to the post of Chinese scholars. The highest position of the scholars. In addition, Zhongshu Province also set up the two living houses to record the content of the emperor's words and deeds and the order; the sixteen people of the generals are responsible for seeing etiquette and conveying their lives; The eunuchs of the two to six people of the right and right picked up were criticized and proposed by national political affairs. The province under the door, once known as Dongtai, Lingtai and Huangmen Province in the Tang Dynasty. Responsible for the review and refutation of the order, that is, the power of the Emperor of the Emperor and the Disposter of the Emperor's Emperor. This power of the Tang Dynasty was actually mainly exercised in the provincial officials, and four people were generally set up in the event. The governor of the gatekeeper and the Deputy Chief of the Governor are usually the post of prime minister. Although reviewing and signed the order as usual, it is less to exercise its powers. During Tang Xuanzong, Li Yan served as Huangmen Shilang (that is, the waiter under the door). Next, go to its right to refute. " It can be seen that the waiter under the door exercises the right to refute. Due to the high profile, it has a certain role of restraint on the promulgation of the Chinese book province (Ziwei Province), so that the governor of Zhongshu has to worry about it. There are also eunuchs, including Zuo Sanqi, Doctor Zuo, Zuo Buyu, and Zuo Shizhe's two to six people, as well as Zhongshu provinces. In addition, corresponding to the province of China, the province of the door also set up the two of the Julang, responsible for the record of the court's political affairs, and the records of the emperor's words and deeds and the records. In order to facilitate the development of decision -making activities, the two provinces of China and the door also set up some subordinate institutions and official positions. Among them, the more important ones are: Jixian Temple Academy, a subsidiary of Zhongshu Province and the Hongwen Pavilion of the provinces. These two institutions have a large number of books and have the nature of the Royal Library, which can be used by the emperor, the prime minister and other officials. History Museum, the first part of the gate, the province of the middle school, is responsible for the repairs of the national history. Fu Baolong, a province under the door, is responsible for the control of various seal festivals. Shangshu Province was the highest administrative institution in the country in the Tang Dynasty. In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, the governor of Shangshu was the prime minister, so Shangshu Province was both a political decision -making agency and the highest administrative agency. However, in the Tang Zhongzong, due to the re -distribution of the internal power of the dynasty, Shang Shu servant was excluded from the prime minister, so Shangshu Province became a simple court administrative agency. The general office of Shangshu Province of the Tang Dynasty is called the province, "holding the Division of the Division, and the style of its hundreds of heads." Responsible for the review, issuance and archiving of various documents in Shangshu Province, and guide the work of the six departments. The provincial affairs are in charge of Shang Shu's left and right 务 and left and right Si Langzhong and Yuanwai Lang. The chief of Shangshu Province was shot left and right. After the middle of the Tang Dynasty, he became the honorary title of awarding ministers, and was not specifically responsible for the daily affairs of Shangshu Province. Misang Shu is provided with six ministries, households, rituals, soldiers, soldiers, prisoners, and workers. The Ministry of Officials is mainly responsible for the election, examination courses, seals and rewards of officials; the Ministry of Households is mainly responsible for household registration, land, labor, warehousing, and municipalities; Training; the Ministry of Criminal Affairs is mainly responsible for criminal prison and fiscal auditing: the Ministry of Industry is mainly responsible for national civil engineering and Tuantian and water conservancy. The six chiefs of the six ministries are the books of various ministries, and the deputy chiefs are the servants of each department. The task of the sixth department of the sixth department of Shangshu Province is a decree issued by the Supreme Emperor and Prime Minister's highest decision -making group. The specific implementation of the county. In addition, the six departments are also responsible for inspection and handling general administrative affairs declared by the courts of the court and local government and prefecture to Shangshu Province. Therefore, the court of the court, Guanglu, Wei Wei, Zong Zheng, Taishu, Dali, Hongye, Si Nong, Taifu Jiu Temple, and Guozi, Shaofu, Military Instruments, Generals, and Du Shui Wushui Supervision. Actually The subordinates who accept the instructions of Shangshu Province. As the historians of the Tang Dynasty, Su Mian said: "Nine Temple, Three Supervisors ... It is the king's division, the diligence guards, and the duty of duties. , Always called Jiuqing, his deputy is Shao Qing and Yan. The chief of the Guozi Supervisor is called the sacrifice: the chief of the Dushui Supervisor is called the messeng; The scope of the authority of the Nine Temple and Five Supervisors, the six departments of the province of Shangshangshu, have a generally fixed corresponding relationship with the six parts. According to the "story of the Tang Dynasty, the departments, the envoys, and the world of the world, the provincial provinces were allowed to sink, and the provincial departments were first applied", "then implemented". The divisions here refer to the nine temples, the supervisors, and the guards, and the provincial division refers to the sixth department of the six departments of Shangshu Province. This shows that the priority of Shangshu Province in the early Tang Dynasty in the state's administrative system. In order to make the official system effectively operate, in addition to establishing various systems related to decision -making and administrative agencies, it is also necessary to effectively supervise and restrict officials at all levels. To this end, the Tang Dynasty inherited the previous generation system, established the Royal Shitai to supervise the implementation of administrative institutions at all levels, and to arrest and impeach officials who violated the law and discipline of the court and laws. The sin. The chief of the Tang Dynasty Yu Shitai was the doctor of the Royal Shi, and the deputy chief was Yu Shizhong. After the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the posts of doctors of the Royal Shi were noble and uncommon. The subordinate agencies of Yushitai are Taiwan courtyards, halls, and inspection courts. The Tang Dynasty stipulated that the four people set up four people. The main responsibilities were pension impeachment of hundreds of officials and major cases participating in the interrogation. Among them, one of the most annual capital was one of the duties of the daily affairs of the Royal Shitai. Six people in the palace were served in the royal history, mainly in charge of the sequence class of the Emperor of the Emperor, and the criminals in charge of the left and right patrols of the capital. The monitoring of the Royal History has ten people, which is mainly responsible for "checking the 100th, patrolling the state and county, the corruption of the prison, and the whole dynasty." But as far as the main responsibility of monitoring Royal Shi is concerned, it is most important to check and patrol. The so -called inspection refers to the six provinces of the supervisor, and can attend the Shangshu Provincial Conference. The patrol is to inspect the local states and counties, "the elderly, the political and customs, the diseases of the Yan Yan, the disease of the water, the wounded and the disaster, and the recording and smell." From the perspective of Royal Shitai's powers, although it is very complicated, its main responsibility is still to monitor the entire official system and impeach the criminals. In the official system of the court of the Tang Dynasty, the two provinces of China, the two provinces under the door, and the sixth section of the Shangshu province, the nine -temple and five prisoners, and the Yushiutai together form a complete political decision -making one. Core institution. In addition to these core institutions, there is also a series of auxiliary agencies, which are mostly the nature of the royal court agency and serve the royal court directly. They mainly include secretaries, the three provinces of the hall, the provinces of the house, and the East Palace officials. Although the first three institutions are also called "provinces", their status is actually equal to the monitor of the temple. Its chief is also called "Supervisor", and the deputy chief is called "young prison".
wholesale bali gemstone and sterling jewelry To say that a system of dynasties should be seen in the long river of history, and the institutional evolution of the former dynasty, even the previous dynasties.
It. R n First of all, in terms of institutional: (limited to the limit of the number of words, this article only puts forward the approximate)
In the system, it includes the household registration system, the currency system, the imperial examination system, the military system, etc. : The Tang Dynasty was an important period of transformation of the ancient household registration system in China. The management of household registration in the Tang Dynasty was relatively loose. It was not only the result of the development of the commodity economy at that time, but also promoted the development of the commodity economy to a certain extent. Institutional protection. The transformation of the household registration system of the Tang Dynasty was a major manifestation of the improvement of farmers' status at that time. The Tang and Song dynasties had a series of changes based on this.
The currency system: The study of ancient Chinese currency system was undoubtedly an important period. It is the turning point in the history of the currency system, and it is in the process of gradually replacing precious metals in the process of replacement of copper coins and physical currencies. Every generation of the calendar generations as copper coins, valleys, gold and silver, pearl jade, etc. in the form of currency forms in the form of currency forms circulates to varying degrees in the Tang Dynasty;
D. I have to talk about Sui's imperial examinations:
[Sui of the Sui Dynasty] The system of talents in my country has changed greatly in the Sui and Tang dynasties. Due to the development of the situation, after the establishment of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the system of the Han Dynasty, the nine -product neutral system since the Wei and Jin dynasties, etc., just ensured that a small number of people's upper -level people were used to log in, and it was no longer in line with the requirements of most people. Emperor Sui Wen, Yang Jian, resolutely abolished the nine -product Zhongzheng system and went to the imperial examination system. During the great cause of Emperor Suitang, the "four subjects" and "ten subjects" were promoted, but most of them were temporarily opened. The Sui Dynasty's frequent selection includes Jinshi, Ming Jing and Xiucai. The selection of talents in the Kaike Examination of the Sui Dynasty properly opened the gateway to the talents of all classes and allies in the society, but it has not yet formed a complete system.
[The imperial examination system of the Tang Dynasty and its development] Tang Ji Sui, expanded. The section of the scholarship, the scholar, the Junshi, the Ming Jing, the Ming Dynasty, the Mingfa, the book, and the Ming coupling subjects, other medicine, Bo, Xing, Xiang, piano, chess, books, and paintings can be boarded. Among them, the Jinjing science and poetry division of the scholars are the most important stream. There are fewer people who admit people in the Tang Dynasty, as many as three or forty people. The first name of the jinshit or the champion, also known as the explore flower, is not the third place that people usually call it.
The approach to the exam: one is recommended by the school as a student; For the system. The so -called Xiucai, Relief, Ming Jing, and Jinshi only showed that the difference between their origin is not like Ming and Qing was different levels of imperial examinations.
The imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty are not as well as as well as Ming and Qing, and the admission is not completely read a few poems. In order to take the exam. Therefore, the person who sought the official must go to Chang'an to find a relationship, and go to the door of the public Qing to ask for a way out. Some people have been in Changan for many years and have not got a chance. So at the time, there was another atmosphere called "asking for confidence", that is, when the celebrities of the Gongqing went out, they topped their own works on their heads and kneeled on the roadside. After being accepted, I fancy, even if there is a door. Most of the "legends" of the Tang Dynasty were presented as "confidantes".
The control of the Tang Dynasty: The administrative agency of the Tang Dynasty inherited the Sui Dynasty and took the three provinces and six systems as the core. On this basis, based on historical practices and experience, some of them have some execution, supervision, waiter or other other Functional institutions together form the official system of the Tang Dynasty.
The dynasty decision -making and execution agencies in the Tang Dynasty were three provinces of China and Monk Books. Generally speaking, the province of China is responsible for issuing the order. In the Tang Dynasty, the Chinese Book Province was once known as the inner book, Xitai, Fengge, and Ziwei Province. His subordinate Zhongshu Shi Lang was appointed as prime minister during the Tang Dynasty as the deputy of the Chiefs of the Chinese Book Province in the early Tang Dynasty. This situation became a convention after the Anshi Rebellion, so the Sales Sales Lang actually separated from the daily affairs of the Chinese Book Province.
The Tang's wearing: The dresses of the Tang Dynasty people have always been chased by future generations, elegant and noble, graceful. Many jewelry left over from the Tang Dynasty recently exhibited from the Shanghai Museum can witness the signs and fashion of the life at that time. 1.唐鎏金双雕纹银盒;2.唐金梳背;3. 唐玉臂环;4. rn唐朝金头饰rn 唐朝妇女的装饰品，大的种类有首饰、耳饰、 The items, waist ornaments, hand ornaments, crown decorations, etc. are full of dazzling.
crystal fashion jewelry wholesale The secretary province is an institution in charge of the royal picture book. In addition to setting up the official positions of supervisors, young prisoners and prisoners responsible for provincial affairs, the secretary Lang also set up a copy and storage of four books in charge of the Royal Scriptures. In addition, the Tai Shi Bureau (also known as Sikiantai), which is responsible for the astronomical calendar, once also belonged to the secretary's jurisdiction. The province of the hall has six bureaus of Shangshi, Shangyao, Shangyi, Shangshe, Shang Cheng, and Shangye, and is responsible for the emperor's clothing, food, housing, transportation and medicine. The province of the house is the management agency of court eunuchs and palace maids. The East Palace official is the prince's subordinate court institution. Its structure sets the structure of imitation of the court: the prince, the prince, the prince, the Taibao (total called the three Tai Tai) and the prince, the younger, and the Shao Bao (the total called the three Shao) are the prince's mentor In addition, the prince guest as a prince's servant official, these officials did not have specific positions. It is equivalent to six provinces under the Gate of Zhongshu and government officials and political affairs. Zuo Chunfang is responsible for the serving rules, which is equivalent to the duties of the province under the door. Youchunfang is responsible for the enlightenment of the document, which is equivalent to the position of Zhongshu Province. In addition, the Chongwen Museum is set up below the Zuochunfang, and the book scriptures are set up; The above institutions correspond to the general correspondence with Hongwen Museum, Secretary Province, and Temple. In addition, the three Temple of Donggong Temple, namely the Temple of the Temple, and the Temple of the Temple and the Fu Temple. It is responsible for the implementation of the specific affairs of Donggong, which also corresponds to the Nine Temple and the Five Prison. Although the East Palace officials are huge, they are actually mostly idle.
In outside the civil servant system, the Tang Dynasty also had a military official system. Due to the implementation of the government soldiers in the early Tang Dynasty, the sixteen guards were established in the court. The name of the sixteen guards has changed a lot in the early Tang Dynasty. When the Tang Xuanzong opened the Yuan Dynasty, it was generally fixed to left and right guards, left and right Xiaowei, left and right Wuwei, right left Weiwei, right left led guard, left and right Jin Wuwei, left and right monitoring and gatekeeper and gatekeeper. Left and right thousand Niwei. Among them, the first twelve guards all governed the government soldiers, and only the back of the four guards did not jurisdiction. They were responsible for the guardian guards of the Beijing and the palaces and the emperor. The generals of each general and the generals of the generals and the generals have the same rate of long history and the heads of the army to participate in the daily affairs of the army. Wait for specific affairs. Sixteen guards directly belonged to the emperor, but they did not have the power to regulate troops. When the life is required, the emperor and the prime minister are generally issued by the emperor and the prime minister to the Ministry of Military Affairs. In addition to the Sixteen Guards, the East Palace officials also followed the Sixteen Guards to have a 10 -rate house. Each personality was one person, one to two -to -two manages, and a certain number of government soldiers under the jurisdiction as the prince's guard forces. The above sixteen guards are always known as the Nanyang Zhuwei, because their official agencies are in the imperial city of the south of the palace city of Chang'an and Luoyang.
It Tang Gaozong, the Beibei Forbidden Army, which was developed by the embargo development of Xuanwu Gate of Miyagi, began to rise, gradually replacing the function of Nanyuan's invitation. Due to the abandonment of the government system, the Nanyuan Zhuwei gradually became a leisure. His chief generals and generals became the official rank for the promotion of military officers and no longer had actual powers.
The first set of Beigai forbidden army set up was the left and right Yulin Army. The Xuanzong was set up to the Long Wu Army. Human integration. The Tang Dynasty was included in the ranks of the Northern Division forbidden Army with the Division of the Tang Dynasty. Dezong used the eunuch to serve as the captain of the army. Therefore, the power of the gods developed rapidly and overlooking the Sixth Army of the Beiqian. In the late Tang Dynasty, the generals and generals of the Sixth Army of the Bei Ryo also gradually became the official rank for the relocation of military officers, and there was no military power.
Ifly local official system in this paragraph
The local administrative system in the Tang Dynasty, in the early Tang Dynasty, adopted a two -level system in the state and county. In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, it evolved into a three -level system in Dao, Prefecture, and County, and a new secondary administrative region, the prefecture.
The chief of the state is assassination history, and its subordinates are mainly Shangzuo, Director and Records. Shangzuo refers to the long history and Sima, and there is no specific work. He assisted the history of the stretch to deal with the state, but it often became a position for arranging idle officials. Therefore, the middle and lower states in the late Tang Dynasty generally did not set up the position of Shangzuo. Judgment Sixi, Sicang, Sihu, Si Bing, Justice, and Si Shi joined the army, corresponding to the six departments of the court of the court. Affairs in all aspects of prison and engineering water conservancy. The recording of the army is responsible for monitoring the officials of the six Cao of the state, which is equivalent to the duties of the imperial history of the court and the left and right of Shang Shu. In addition, state officials in the Tang Dynasty also had PhDs, Ph.D. in Medicine, Municipal Order, etc., and were responsible for schools, medicine and market transactions.
The chief of the Tang Dynasty counties is the county magistrate, and the county, the master Bohe and the county captain are the main heads. The county is the deputy of the county magistrate, which is equivalent to the state of the state; In the 28th year of the Tang Dynasty in the Tang Dynasty (740), there were 328 prefectures in the country and 1,573 counties in the country. It can be seen that the local official system of the Tang Dynasty was huge.
Over time, local administrative agencies in the Tang Dynasty also changed, mainly the emergence of government and Tao. The Tang Dynasty used Kyoto and the state that was accompanied by the capital, and was called the government in the importance of showing its status. The government officials are the same as the state, and only the names have changed slightly. For example, their chiefs changed their names to Yin, and the deputy chiefs changed their name to Shao Yin. In addition, Duhufu is also set up in the border region to jurisdiction over the majority of border areas. The officials of Duhufu are the same as the state. Its chief official is called Du Guard and Deputy Metropolitan Guard.
It in the early Tang Dynasty, it was a monitoring area. In the first year of Zhenguan (627), Tang Taizong "due to the shape of the mountains and rivers, the world is divided into ten". The emperors were sent to inspection or interviews from time to time, monitor local officials and understand the situation of localities. In the 21st year of Kaiyuan (733), Tang Xuanzong "was divided into fifteen ways because of ten, and the fifteen interviews were set up to check the post of Han assassin." In the late Tang Dynasty, the chief of the Taoist observation made generally served as Jiede, with military power, greater power, and forming Fangzhen of different sizes. The administrative area under the jurisdiction of various square towns is also called Tao. There are forty -seven Tao to Tang Xianzong Yuan. Just as the Song people Hong Mai pointed out: "Tang Shi was in the inspection of the various roads, and then changed to the interview disposal to be treated in the large county. It was changed to the observation ambassador. There are more than forty roads in the world, with more than ten states in the big, two or three states, but the visits are visited to investigate the good and evil, and the outline. The county government is endless. "The subordinates of Dao's chiefs include deputy envoys, marching Sima, judge, ambassador, secretary, pushing officer, inspector, and push.
The editor's grade and Xunguan
The Tang Dynasty followed the Sui System, divided officials into nine grades, and each product was divided into positive and obedience, with a total of eighteen levels. Below the four grades of the civilian officials, the military officials are below the three grades, and they are also divided into upper and lower levels. Therefore, the scattered officials of civil officials in the Tang Dynasty actually had thirty levels, and the level of military officers scattered officials was thirty -two. These levels are always called streaming officials and are formal civil and military officials. In addition, there are nine grades outside the flow, which actually belongs to the officials and does not belong to the scope of formal officials. The title of officials' scattered officials correspond to the grade level, indicating the status and qualifications of officials as the sequence of promotion.
The quality of the Tang Dynasty is also related to the official clothing level system. The Tang Dynasty stipulated that the official service of the three grades and above, the four grades, and the five grades of Fei (Zhu Hong), the six grades and the seven grades were green, and the eight grades and the nine grades were green. At the same time, senior officials in the Tang Dynasty had a fish rune that expressed its identity, which was prosperous in bags, called "fish bags". The fish bags of the officials above the three grades are decorated with gold, and they are called goldfish bags. The fish bags of the officials above the five grades are made of silver fish bags.
The Tang Cheng Sui system, civil and military officials can teach honor officials, with a total of twelve. According to the regulations, the honorary officials can be in the same class as the corresponding officials of the corresponding grade. However, in fact, due to the excessive awarding, the actual status of the officials who are not in office are often under the officials of the officials, and they only become the honorary titles of officials awarded.
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In central official
three divisions: Tai Shi, Tai Fu, Taibao (honorary position);
three public: Taiwei, Situ, Sikong (honorary position); Book province (decision -making, secretary), under the gate of the door (servant, discussion), Shangshu Province (administrative),;
Sepan provincial provinces: official department (personnel), household registration (hukou, finance), ceremony department (Ministry of Rites (Ministry of Finance), Ministry of Rites ( Li Bin), Ministry of War (National Defense), Ministry of Criminal (Court), Ministry of Industry (Engineering, Water Conservancy);
: Royal Shitai (Supervision);
: Supervisor, arms supervisor, Dushui prison (follow -up system, six divisions with the six parts);
Nine temples: Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Weiwei Temple, Zongzheng Temple, Taishi Temple, Dali Temple, Hongye, Hongye, Hongye, Hongye Temple, Sinong Temple, Taifu Temple (cooperated with six parts of work).
San official: (honor of honor). Local official
Visuted (Tao) Observation to Observe
State (county): Strang History (Emperor's Shou); Do not drive, Changshi, Sima; recording things, military participation in military;
Cao: Si Gong: Sigong: Si Gong , Sicang, Sihu, Si Bing, Justice, Si Shi.
County: county magistrate; county 丞, master book; county captain, recording, and history.
Township: Lao Lao;
: Lizheng;
Village: Village;
: Guarantee:
neighbors: neighbor. Four neighbors, five neighbors, one -guarantee, five guarantee, one mile, five miles and one township; a natural village is a village. There are no villages in the city, and the same
The official system of the central government
The administrative institutions of the Tang Dynasty in the Tang Dynasty inherited the Sui Dynasty, with the three provinces and six departments as the core. On this basis, according to history Customs and experience have derived some institutions with execution, supervision, attendant, or other functions, and jointly formed the official system of the Tang Dynasty.
The dynasty decision -making and execution agencies in the Tang Dynasty were three provinces of China and Monk Books. Generally speaking, the province of China is responsible for issuing the order. In the Tang Dynasty, the Chinese Book Province was once known as the inner book, Xitai, Fengge, and Ziwei Province. His subordinate Zhongshu Shi Lang was appointed as prime minister during the Tang Dynasty as the deputy of the Chiefs of the Chinese Book Province in the early Tang Dynasty. This situation became a convention after the Anshi Rebellion, so the Sales Sales Lang actually separated from the daily affairs of the Chinese Book Province.
The most important decree work in the province of the book. There are six members of the Chinese Book House, and they also have the secretary affairs of the Prime Minister's meeting. Because the drafting order is important, in fact, participating in the military and political affairs not only requires higher literary talents, but also have good political talents. Therefore, the Tang Dynasty attached great importance to the post of Chinese scholars. The highest position of the scholars. In addition, Zhongshu Province also set up the two living houses to record the content of the emperor's words and deeds and the order; the sixteen people of the generals are responsible for seeing etiquette and conveying their lives; The eunuchs of the two to six people of the right and right picked up were criticized and proposed by national political affairs.
The province under the door, once known as Dongtai, Lingtai and Huangmen Province in the Tang Dynasty. Responsible for the review and refutation of the order, that is, the power of the Emperor of the Emperor and the Disposter of the Emperor's Emperor. This power of the Tang Dynasty was actually mainly exercised in the provincial officials, and four people were generally set up in the event. The governor of the gatekeeper and the Deputy Chief of the Governor are usually the post of prime minister. Although reviewing and signed the order as usual, it is less to exercise its powers. During Tang Xuanzong, Li Yan served as Huangmen Shilang (that is, the waiter under the door). Next, go to its right to refute. " It can be seen that the waiter under the door exercises the right to refute. Due to the high profile, it has a certain role of restraint on the promulgation of the Chinese book province (Ziwei Province), so that the governor of Zhongshu has to worry about it. There are also eunuchs, including Zuo Sanqi, Doctor Zuo, Zuo Buyu, and Zuo Shizhe's two to six people, as well as Zhongshu provinces. In addition, corresponding to the province of China, the province of the door also set up the two of the Julang, responsible for the record of the court's political affairs, and the records of the emperor's words and deeds and the records.
In order to facilitate the development of decision -making activities, the two provinces of China and the door also set up some subordinate institutions and official positions. Among them, the more important ones are: Jixian Temple Academy, a subsidiary of Zhongshu Province and the Hongwen Pavilion of the provinces. These two institutions have a large number of books and have the nature of the Royal Library, which can be used by the emperor, the prime minister and other officials. History Museum, the first part of the gate, the province of the middle school, is responsible for the repairs of the national history. Fu Baolong, a province under the door, is responsible for the control of various seal festivals.
Shangshu Province was the highest administrative institution in the country in the Tang Dynasty. In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, the governor of Shangshu was the prime minister, so Shangshu Province was both a political decision -making agency and the highest administrative agency. However, in the Tang Zhongzong, due to the re -distribution of the internal power of the dynasty, Shang Shu servant was excluded from the prime minister, so Shangshu Province became a simple court administrative agency. The general office of Shangshu Province of the Tang Dynasty is called the province, "holding the Division of the Division, and the style of its hundreds of heads." Responsible for the review, issuance and archiving of various documents in Shangshu Province, and guide the work of the six departments. The provincial affairs are in charge of Shang Shu's left and right 务 and left and right Si Langzhong and Yuanwai Lang. The chief of Shangshu Province was shot left and right. After the middle of the Tang Dynasty, he became the honorary title of awarding ministers, and was not specifically responsible for the daily affairs of Shangshu Province.
Misang Shu is provided with six ministries, households, rituals, soldiers, soldiers, prisoners, and workers. The Ministry of Officials is mainly responsible for the election, examination courses, seals and rewards of officials; the Ministry of Households is mainly responsible for household registration, land, labor, warehousing, and municipalities; Training; the Ministry of Criminal Affairs is mainly responsible for criminal prison and fiscal auditing: the Ministry of Industry is mainly responsible for national civil engineering and Tuantian and water conservancy. The six chiefs of the six ministries are the books of various ministries, and the deputy chiefs are the servants of each department. The task of the sixth department of the sixth department of Shangshu Province is a decree issued by the Supreme Emperor and Prime Minister's highest decision -making group. The specific implementation of the county. In addition, the six departments are also responsible for inspection and handling general administrative affairs declared by the courts of the court and local government and prefecture to Shangshu Province. Therefore, the court of the court, Guanglu, Wei Wei, Zong Zheng, Taishu, Dali, Hongye, Si Nong, Taifu Jiu Temple, and Guozi, Shaofu, Military Instruments, Generals, and Du Shui Wushui Supervision. Actually The subordinates who accept the instructions of Shangshu Province. As the historians of the Tang Dynasty, Su Mian said: "Nine Temple, Three Supervisors ... It is the king's division, the diligence guards, and the duty of duties. , Always called Jiuqing, his deputy is Shao Qing and Yan. The chief of the Guozi Supervisor is called the sacrifice: the chief of the Dushui Supervisor is called the messeng; The scope of the authority of the Nine Temple and Five Supervisors, the six departments of the province of Shangshangshu, have a generally fixed corresponding relationship with the six parts. According to the "story of the Tang Dynasty, the departments, the envoys, and the world of the world, the provincial provinces were allowed to sink, and the provincial departments were first applied", "then implemented". The divisions here refer to the nine temples, the supervisors, and the guards, and the provincial division refers to the sixth department of the six departments of Shangshu Province. This shows that the priority of Shangshu Province in the early Tang Dynasty in the state's administrative system.
In order to make the official system effectively operate, in addition to establishing various systems related to decision -making and administrative agencies, it is also necessary to effectively supervise and restrict officials at all levels. To this end, the Tang Dynasty inherited the previous generation system, established the Royal Shitai to supervise the implementation of administrative institutions at all levels, and to arrest and impeach officials who violated the law and discipline of the court and laws. The sin. The chief of the Tang Dynasty Yu Shitai was the doctor of the Royal Shi, and the deputy chief was Yu Shizhong. After the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the posts of doctors of the Royal Shi were noble and uncommon.
The subordinate agencies of Yushitai are Taiwan courtyards, halls, and inspection courts. The Tang Dynasty stipulated that the four people set up four people. The main responsibilities were pension impeachment of hundreds of officials and major cases participating in the interrogation. Among them, one of the most annual capital was one of the duties of the daily affairs of the Royal Shitai. Six people in the palace were served in the royal history, mainly in charge of the sequence class of the Emperor of the Emperor, and the criminals in charge of the left and right patrols of the capital. The monitoring of the Royal History has ten people, which is mainly responsible for "checking the 100th, patrolling the state and county, the corruption of the prison, and the whole dynasty." But as far as the main responsibility of monitoring Royal Shi is concerned, it is most important to check and patrol. The so -called inspection refers to the six provinces of the supervisor, and can attend the Shangshu Provincial Conference. The patrol is to inspect the local states and counties, "the elderly, the political and customs, the diseases of the Yan Yan, the disease of the water, the wounded and the disaster, and the recording and smell." From the perspective of Royal Shitai's powers, although it is very complicated, its main responsibility is still to monitor the entire official system and impeach the criminals.
In the official system of the court of the Tang Dynasty, the two provinces of China, the two provinces under the door, and the sixth section of the Shangshu province, the nine -temple and five prisoners, and the Yushiutai together form a complete political decision -making one. Core institution. In addition to these core institutions, there is also a series of auxiliary agencies, which are mostly the nature of the royal court agency and serve the royal court directly. They mainly include secretaries, the three provinces of the hall, the provinces of the house, and the East Palace officials. Although the first three institutions are also called "provinces", their status is actually equal to the monitor of the temple. Its chief is also called "Supervisor", and the deputy chief is called "young prison".
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